Dive into the complex pathophysiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), where mast cell degranulation drives the hallmark signs and symptoms. This interactive infographic elucidates how key type 2 cytokines, specifically IL-4 and IL-13, contribute to mast cell activation, immune cell trafficking into the skin, and neuronal sensitization in CSU, which ultimately leads to the release of mediators like histamine that cause wheals, angioedema, and itch.

Highlights from the ADVENT symposium at the 2023 World Congress of Dermatology in Singapore.

Associate Professor and Dermatology Director at the UCSF Centre for Itch and Neurosensory Disorders at the University of California in San Francisco, California, US

Dr. Chovatiya explains that PN is primarily a chronic itch disease with a complex pathophysiology involving neuronal changes, type 2 inflammation, and fibrotic skin processes, affecting patients' overall well-being.

Dr. Chovatiya discusses PN, emphasizing that while itch is a major symptom, the disease's burden is multi-dimensional, affecting appearance, sleep, social life, and mental health, requiring comprehensive therapeutic solutions.

Dr. Kim discusses the roles of type 2 cytokines at the neuroimmune axis in PN and CSU and conveys how neuroimmune interactions give rise to chronic itch and skin lesions in each disease

In this highlight video from the September 2024 ADVENT symposium at EADV’s Annual Meeting in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Dr. Stephan Weidinger discusses how type 2 inflammation contributes to epidermal barrier dysfunction, perivascular infiltration and plasma protein leakage, and chronic itch in AD.

In this soundbite video from the April 2025 ADVENT Forum in Lisbon, Portugal, Dr. Brian Kim describes the dynamic neuroimmune interactions in chronic pruritic skin diseases, emphasizing how type 2 cytokines and sensory nerves actively influence both itch perception and tissue inflammation.

This infographic highlights how uncontrolled moderate‑to‑severe atopic dermatitis (AD) can lead to Cumulative Life Course Impairment (CLCI) by contributing to ongoing physical, psychological, and social burdens such as itch and sleep loss, impaired bone growth and mental health challenges. It emphasizes the importance of early and effective disease control to help reduce long‑term impact on patients.

Inflammatory processes drive AD both within and beyond the skin, leading to significant, cumulative life impacts. Early intervention has the potential to mitigate these impacts by altering the disease course.