
Dr. Jason Hawkes details the role of IL-4 and IL-13 in the pathophysiology of CSU at EADV 2025
Professor Sarina Elmariah describes how IL-4 and IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation, uniquely contribute to manifestations of prurigo nodularis beyond itch.
Dive into the complex pathophysiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), where mast cell degranulation drives the hallmark signs and symptoms. This interactive infographic elucidates how key type 2 cytokines, specifically IL-4 and IL-13, contribute to mast cell activation, immune cell trafficking into the skin, and neuronal sensitization in CSU, which ultimately leads to the release of mediators like histamine that cause wheals, angioedema, and itch.
In this video soundbite from the ERS-ISIAN 2025 symposium, Dr. Vibeke Backer discusses how Type 2 inflammation drives severe, uncontrolled CRSwNP. It covers key immune cells and biomarkers (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TSLP), global prevalence differences, and the importance of symptom tracking and targeted therapies.
Professor Sarina Elmariah highlights the multifaceted role of IL-4 and IL-13 in driving dermal fibrosis in prurigo nodularis, which leads to persistent scarring and dyspigmentation that significantly contribute to patients' embarrassment, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.

In this exclusive video interview, Dr Amy Paller discusses two topics: 1) The importance of CCL17 (TARC) as a biomarker in pediatric patients with AD, and 2) How IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to skin barrier dysfunction in AD.
See how type 2 inflammation underlies remodeling processes in asthma.
An infographic exploring the pathophysiology of prurigo nodularis and the role of type 2 inflammation.

Dr Mario Castro explains how type 2 cytokines play a crucial role in airway remodeling and inflammation in asthma and COPD, impacting patient outcomes.

Join Dr Kwatra as he dives deeper into the mechanism of lesion formation in Prurigo Nodularis and the impact the development of these skin lesions have on patient life.

Join Dr. Hawkes as he discusses what burdens and challenges CSU patients might expect and help identify that there are immune functions responsible for their symptoms not an external cause.

Join Dr. Kwatra outlining the micro itch cycle involving type 2 cell polarization and cytokines that directly affect fibroblasts to cause more immune dysregulation in PN.