Dive into the complex pathophysiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), where mast cell degranulation drives the hallmark signs and symptoms. This interactive infographic elucidates how key type 2 cytokines, specifically IL-4 and IL-13, contribute to mast cell activation, immune cell trafficking into the skin, and neuronal sensitization in CSU, which ultimately leads to the release of mediators like histamine that cause wheals, angioedema, and itch.

Dr. Oscar Palomares explains that IL-4 and IL-13 are crucial cytokines in type 2 inflammation, playing both unique and overlapping roles, including T cell expansion and contributing to clinical symptoms in chronic diseases.

In this highlight video from the ADVENT AD symposium held at EADV’s 2024 Annual Meeting in Amsterdam, Dr. Stephan Weidinger discusses how IL-4 contributes to systemic type 2 inflammation in AD via several mechanisms, including T cell differentiation, B cell activation and IgE generation, and T regulatory cell inhibition.

In this soundbite video from the April 2025 ADVENT Forum in Lisbon, Portugal, Prof Oscar Palomares describes how IL-4 is the key cytokine involved in the initiation and perpetuation of Th2 cell responses and type 2 inflammation.

In this soundbite video from the April 2025 ADVENT Forum in Lisbon, Portugal, Dr. Brian Kim explores the histaminergic and nonhistaminergic mechanisms of itch, highlighting how type 2 cytokines like IL-4 serve as central orchestrators of neuronal sensitization and immune–nervous system cross-talk.
In this video soundbite from the ERS-ISIAN 2025 symposium, Dr. Vibeke Backer discusses how Type 2 inflammation drives severe, uncontrolled CRSwNP. It covers key immune cells and biomarkers (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TSLP), global prevalence differences, and the importance of symptom tracking and targeted therapies.
See how type 2 inflammation underlies remodeling processes in asthma.

In this exclusive video interview, Dr Amy Paller discusses two topics: 1) The importance of CCL17 (TARC) as a biomarker in pediatric patients with AD, and 2) How IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to skin barrier dysfunction in AD.

In this video from the April 2025 WCPD symposium, Dr Amy Paller discusses the pathophysiology of skin barrier dysfunction in AD and how regulating IL-4 and IL-13 signaling may lead to restoration of the skin barrier. Dr Paller goes on to explore how reducing certain biomarkers, such as CCL17 (TARC), may reduce inflammation that contributes to AD severity in pediatric patients.

Join Dr. Celeste Porsbjerg as she discussed on how type 2 inflammation may lead to airway remodeling in asthma, exploring the pathophysiologic mechanisms, that ultimately lead to structural changes and irreversible loss of lung function